A text to return to.
A reading to question.

Where this project begins

The foundation is an English translation and a modern Mandarin translation prepared by the project's creator, who has a bilingual Chinese–English background. Both are presented alongside the Chinese text supplied with the manuscripts.

The aim is to make a careful reading easier: follow an idea back to its chapter, compare the wording, test a relationship in an interactive model, and form your own questions.

A working edition

The manuscripts are works open to review and revision. This preview preserves their wording, including their explanatory headings. It does not claim that an independent scholarly review has been completed. Bibliographic details for the underlying Chinese edition remain to be documented before publication.

Four kinds of material

The original

The Chinese text supplied by the creator.

The translation

The creator's English and modern Mandarin manuscripts, with their own titles.

The reading guides

Navigation titles, questions, and draft essays prepared for this edition. These are editorial interpretations and await the creator's review.

The explorations

Simplified teaching models with explicit assumptions. Their equations are not claims about formulas in the original.

A note on comparison

All thirteen chapters offer parallel reading. Each numbered passage brings together the original and its corresponding translations; a passage can contain several sentences where the manuscripts divide the same idea differently. Translation headings are kept separately from the aligned text. Section titles are editorial reading guides. The alignments remain a working draft for review.

Underlined phrases have explicitly annotated counterparts in the other languages. Hover, focus, or tap one to compare them. These links describe this translation’s choices; they do not assert that a Chinese word has a single fixed English equivalent. Phrase coverage is being expanded.

Copy link saves a direct link to a numbered passage. Reading preferences and completion are saved in this browser only.

Read with a pencil

If you notice a problem, record the chapter, language, reading segment, and your reason. The most useful correction connects the proposed change to its wording and context.